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esson 9.2 – In-Flight Decision Making
Even with thorough preflight planning, conditions can change once you are airborne. In-flight decision making is the continuous process of assessing the situation, recognizing changes, and choosing the safest course of action. This skill is evaluated on the practical test and is supported by knowledge-test questions on ADM and risk management.
Reference:
FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK), Chapter 2
Risk Management Handbook
The Continuous Decision Process
The Continuous Decision Process
Two structured models are taught in FAA materials:
3P Model: Perceive the given set of circumstances → Process by evaluating their impact on safety → Perform by implementing the best course of action.
DECIDE Model: Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate.
Note for the knowledge test:
While the 3P and DECIDE models are useful tools and appear in the PHAK, the Private Pilot written exam more commonly tests the five hazardous attitudes, the PAVE and IMSAFE checklists, and general risk-management principles rather than the specific steps of 3P or DECIDE.
Key Principles for In-Flight Decisions
Key Principles for In-Flight Decisions
Maintain situational awareness.
Act early — the sooner you decide, the more options you have.
Use all available resources (ATC, Flight Service, checklists, automation, etc.).
Recognize and resist external pressures (“get-there-itis”).
Always know your nearest suitable airport and current fuel status.
Practice Questions (FAA Knowledge-Test Style)
Practice Questions (FAA Knowledge-Test Style)
1. What is the primary purpose of the 3P model in aeronautical decision making?
A. To calculate weight and balance
B. To provide a structured process for continuous risk management
C. To replace the need for a weather briefing
D. To determine magnetic variation
2. A pilot continues a flight into deteriorating weather because “I’ve handled this before and it will be fine.” This is an example of which hazardous attitude?
A. Anti-authority
B. Impulsivity
C. Invulnerability
D. Resignation
3. Which checklist is specifically designed to evaluate the pilot’s fitness for flight?
A. PAVE
B. IMSAFE
C. DECIDE
D. 3P
4. During a cross-country flight you notice fuel burn is higher than planned and weather at the destination is worsening. The most appropriate early action is to:
A. Continue and hope conditions improve
B. Recalculate fuel and consider diverting while options still exist
C. Descend to a lower altitude to save fuel
D. Request priority handling from ATC immediately
5. The DECIDE model is best described as:
A. A method for calculating density altitude
B. A six-step process for structured decision making
C. A checklist used only during preflight
D. A substitute for the PAVE checklist
Answer Key:
B
C
B
B
B
Key Points for the Written Exam and Practical Test
Key Points for the Written Exam and Practical Test
In-flight decision making is continuous and should begin as soon as conditions change.
Hazardous attitudes (especially invulnerability and macho) frequently appear on the knowledge test.
PAVE and IMSAFE are more commonly tested than the specific steps of 3P or DECIDE.
Acting early and maintaining options (divert, turn back, land short) is a core safety principle.
Situational awareness and resource management remain critical once airborne.
Links:
Intro to Aviation & Airplanes
Airfoils, Lift & Angle of Attack
Stalls, Critical Angle of Attack & Spin Awareness
Primary Flight Controls & the Three Axis
Stability, Controllability & Adverse Yaw
Engine Instruments & System Monitoring
Pilot Certification & Privileges
Medical Certificates & BasicMed
Flight Rules (Part 91 Highlights)
Airport Marking, Signs, & Lighting
Traffic Patterns & Airport Operations
Special Use Airspace & Other Airspace Areas
Airport Facility Directory & Chart Reading
The Atmosphere & Atmospheric Pressure
Airmasses, Fronts & Weather Patterns
Thunderstorms, Turbulence, Icing & Other Hazards
Weather Reports, Forecasts & Charts
Common Weak Areas & How to Fix Them
Private Pilot Privileges & Limitations
Lesson 11.2
Currency Requirements
Medical Certification & Basic Med After the Check ride
Continuing Education & Proficiency
Engine Failure & Forced Landings
In-Flight Fires & Electrical Problems
System and Instrument Failures
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