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Lesson 7.3 – GPS & Modern Navigation
GPS (Global Positioning System) has become the primary navigation method for most VFR pilots. While pilotage, dead reckoning, and VOR skills remain required knowledge, you must also understand how GPS works and how to use it properly.
Reference:
FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK), Chapter 16 – Navigation
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Chapter 1
How GPS Works (Basic Concept)
How GPS Works (Basic Concept)
GPS uses a constellation of satellites that transmit precise time and position signals. A GPS receiver in the airplane calculates its distance from several satellites at once and determines the aircraft’s position (latitude, longitude, and altitude).
GPS gives position, track, groundspeed, and distance to waypoints.
It is not affected by wind in the same way VOR or dead reckoning is — it shows actual track over the ground.
Most modern units also provide moving-map displays, terrain awareness, traffic, and weather information when connected to additional services.
Types of GPS Equipment
Types of GPS Equipment
Panel-mounted GPS (IFR-certified or VFR-only)
Handheld GPS
Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) such as ForeFlight, Garmin Pilot, or similar apps running on tablets or phones
For the Private Pilot knowledge test, you are expected to understand the basic principles and limitations of GPS, not the detailed operation of every brand.
Advantages of GPS
Advantages of GPS
Accurate position information regardless of visibility
Direct routing capability
Continuous display of groundspeed, track, and ETA
Easy identification of airports, navaids, and airspace
Many units include terrain, obstacle, and traffic awareness
Limitations and Risks
Limitations and Risks
GPS signals can be degraded or lost due to satellite geometry, atmospheric conditions, or interference.
Database must be current — outdated databases can show incorrect information.
Over-reliance on GPS can lead to loss of basic navigation skills and reduced situational awareness.
Screen failures, battery issues, or software problems can occur.
GPS shows where you are, but it does not replace the need to look outside and avoid other traffic.
Best Practices for VFR GPS Use
Best Practices for VFR GPS Use
Always have a backup method of navigation (pilotage, dead reckoning, or VOR).
Verify GPS position with visual landmarks when possible.
Keep the database current.
Use GPS as a tool to support, not replace, your own navigation planning and situational awareness.
Practice flying with GPS so you can use it efficiently while still looking outside the cockpit.
Key Points for the Written Exam
Key Points for the Written Exam
GPS provides accurate position, track, and groundspeed.
It is a primary navigation tool for most VFR pilots today, but basic pilotage and dead reckoning skills are still required.
Databases must be current.
Over-reliance on GPS is a common safety risk.
Always have a backup plan if the GPS fails or the signal is lost.
Key Points for the Written Exam
Key Points for the Written Exam
GPS provides accurate position, track, and groundspeed.
It is a primary navigation tool for most VFR pilots today, but basic pilotage and dead reckoning skills are still required.
Databases must be current.
Over-reliance on GPS is a common safety risk.
Always have a backup plan if the GPS fails or the signal is lost.
Links:
Intro to Aviation & Airplanes
Airfoils, Lift & Angle of Attack
Stalls, Critical Angle of Attack & Spin Awareness
Primary Flight Controls & the Three Axis
Stability, Controllability & Adverse Yaw
Engine Instruments & System Monitoring
Pilot Certification & Privileges
Medical Certificates & BasicMed
Flight Rules (Part 91 Highlights)
Airport Marking, Signs, & Lighting
Traffic Patterns & Airport Operations
Special Use Airspace & Other Airspace Areas
Airport Facility Directory & Chart Reading
The Atmosphere & Atmospheric Pressure
Airmasses, Fronts & Weather Patterns
Thunderstorms, Turbulence, Icing & Other Hazards
Weather Reports, Forecasts & Charts
Common Weak Areas & How to Fix Them
Private Pilot Privileges & Limitations
Lesson 11.2
Currency Requirements
Medical Certification & Basic Med After the Check ride
Continuing Education & Proficiency
Engine Failure & Forced Landings
In-Flight Fires & Electrical Problems
System and Instrument Failures
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