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Lesson 5.2 – Traffic Patterns & Airport Operations
Operating safely in the airport environment requires understanding standard traffic patterns, right-of-way rules, and proper procedures at both towered and non-towered airports.
Reference:
FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK), Chapter 14 – Airport Operations
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Chapter 4
Standard Traffic Pattern
Standard Traffic Pattern
Most airports use a standard left-hand traffic pattern. The legs of the pattern are:
Upwind leg – Flight path parallel to the landing runway in the same direction as landing (after takeoff).
Crosswind leg – Flight path perpendicular to the landing runway, after the upwind leg.
Downwind leg – Flight path parallel to the landing runway in the opposite direction of landing.
Base leg – Flight path perpendicular to the landing runway, after the downwind leg.
Final approach – Flight path in the direction of landing, leading to the runway.
Pattern altitude at most non-towered airports is 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) unless otherwise published.
Right-Hand vs. Left-Hand Patterns
Right-Hand vs. Left-Hand Patterns
Standard is left-hand turns.
Some airports or runways require right-hand patterns (published in the Chart Supplement and shown on sectional charts with a “RP” notation).
Non-Towered Airport Procedures
Non-Towered Airport Procedures
At non-towered airports, pilots use the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to announce their position and intentions. Recommended calls include:
10 miles out (inbound)
Entering the pattern (downwind)
Turning base
Turning final
Clearing the runway
Always self-announce and maintain visual separation from other aircraft. The recommended entry is at a 45° angle to the downwind leg.
Towered Airport Procedures
Towered Airport Procedures
At towered airports you must:
Establish two-way radio communication with the tower before entering Class D (or Class C/B) airspace.
Follow all ATC instructions.
Read back clearances containing altitude, heading, or runway assignments.
Right-of-Way at Airports
Right-of-Way at Airports
Aircraft on final approach have the right-of-way over aircraft already on the ground.
When two aircraft are approaching to land, the one at the lower altitude has the right-of-way (but it may not cut in front of or overtake another aircraft already on final).
Aircraft towing other aircraft or displaying an emergency have the right-of-way.
Key Points to Remember
Key Points to Remember
Standard traffic pattern is left-hand turns at 1,000 feet AGL unless published otherwise.
At non-towered airports, use CTAF and self-announce positions and intentions.
At towered airports, two-way communication and ATC clearance/instructions are required.
Aircraft on final approach have the right-of-way over aircraft on the ground.
Always look for other traffic and fly a predictable pattern.
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